Biopsychosocial dimensions in the school routine of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic

a study in the city of Cascavel/PR, Southern Region of Brazil

Abstract

Introduction: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological condition that affects the attention, impulse control, and motor behavior of diagnosed individuals. The Covid-19 pandemic has influenced the biopsychosocial dimensions of individuals with ADHD. Understanding the interferences in the different aspects of this disorder becomes relevant to offer the quality of life, clinical and school management appropriate to those diagnosed with ADHD. Objective: To describe the school routine and the main biopsychosocial factors faced by children and adolescents with ADHD during the Covid-19 pandemic.  Methodology: This is a descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative approach. Data collection took place between January and August 2022, in the municipality of Cascavel/PR, located in the southern region of Brazil. The study sample was composed of three groups: mothers, teachers, and pedagogical staff who lived with children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD.  Results: The results showed that the Covid-19 pandemic affected the school routine and the biopsychosocial dimensions of those surveyed with ADHD. Impacts include biological factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and discontinuation of medication without medical advice; psychological, such as depression and family emotional exhaustion; social factors, such as school closures, interruption of appointments, and outdoor recreation. Conclusion: The categorization of the data into psychological, social, and biological factors allowed an analysis of the dimensions of the phenomena, human functionality, and the underlying contexts of the contents produced by the participants. Demonstrating the importance of multidisciplinary public policies and adequate support for children and adolescents with ADHD, especially in adverse crises.

Keywords: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Biopsychosocial Models; Social distancing; Mental health.